PET Scans Help Identify Process Underlying Seasonal Mood Changes

Brain scans captured at different times of the year suggest that the actions of the serotonin transporter--involved in regulating the mood-altering neurotransmitter serotonin--differ by season, according to new research. These fluctuations may potentially clarify seasonal affective disorder and related mood changes.

"It is a common experience in temperate zones that individuals feel happier and more energetic on bright and sunny days and many experience a decline in mood and energy during the dark winter season,” the investigators wrote in the September 2008 issue of the journal Archives of General Psychiatry. This is believed to be related to variations in brain levels of serotonin, which is involved in the regulation of functions such as mating, feeding, energy balance, and sleep. The serotonin transporter, a protein that binds to serotonin and clears it from the spaces between brain cells, "is a key element in regulating intensity and spread of the serotonin signal.”

Nicole Praschak-Rieder, M.D., and Matthaeus Willeit, M.D., from the Center for Addiction and Mental Health (Toronto, ON, Canada) and the University of Toronto (Toronto, ON, Canada), and colleagues studied 88 healthy individuals (average age 33) between 1999 and 2003. Participants underwent one positron emission tomography (PET) scan to assess serotonin transporter binding potential value, an index of serotonin transporter density. The higher the binding potential value, the less serotonin circulates in the brain. For the study, individual scans were grouped according to the season of the scan--fall and winter or spring and summer.

"Serotonin transporter binding potential values were significantly higher in all investigated brain regions in individuals investigated in the fall and winter compared with those investigated in the spring and summer,” the researchers wrote. When they matched binding potential values to meteorologic data, the researchers found that higher values occurred during times when there were fewer hours of sunlight per day.

"An implication of greater serotonin transporter binding in winter is that this may facilitate extracellular serotonin loss during winter, leading to lower mood,” the researchers reported. "Higher regional serotonin transporter binding potential values in fall and winter may explain hyposerotonergic [related to low serotonin levels] symptoms, such as lack of energy, fatigue, overeating, and increased duration of sleep during the dark season.”

The investigators concluded, "These findings have important implications for understanding seasonal mood change in healthy individuals, vulnerability to seasonal affective disorder, and the relationship of light exposure to mood. This offers a possible explanation for the regular reoccurrence of depressive episodes in fall and winter in some vulnerable individuals.”

Related Links:
Center for Addiction and Mental Health
University of Toronto