New Detector Could Enable Cheaper, More Accurate Imaging at the Speed of Light

Researchers have demonstrated the first experimental cross-sectional medical image that does not require tomography, a mathematical process used to reconstruct images in CT and PET scans, potentially leading to cheaper, easier and more accurate medical imaging.

The advance was made possible by the development of new, ultrafast photon detectors in an experimental work led by researchers at the University of California, Davis (Davis, CA, USA) and Hamamatsu Photonics (Shizuoka, Japan) where the new photon detector technology was developed.

The process of tomography is required to mathematically reconstruct cross-sectional images from the data in imaging that uses X-rays or gamma rays. In PET scans, molecules tagged with trace amounts of a radioactive isotope are injected and taken up by organs and tissues in the body. The isotope, such as fluorine-18, is unstable and emits positrons as it decays. Whenever one of these positrons encounters an electron in the body, they annihilate each other and simultaneously give off two annihilation photons. Tracking the origin and trajectory of these photons theoretically creates an image of the tissues tagged with isotopes. But until now, researchers were unable to do that without the extra step of tomographic reconstruction, because detectors were too slow to precisely determine the arrival times of two photons and thus pinpoint their location based on their time difference.

When the annihilation photons strike the detector, they generate Cherenkov photons that produce the signal. The researchers figured out how to detect these Cherenkov photons with an average timing precision of 32 picoseconds. This meant they could determine where the annihilation photons arose with a spatial precision of 4.8 millimeters. This level of speed and accuracy enabled the research team to produce cross-sectional images of a radioactive isotope directly from the annihilation photons without having to use tomography.

The researchers conducted various tests with their new technique, including on a test object that mimics the human brain. They feel confident that this procedure is ultimately scalable to the level needed for clinical diagnostics and has the potential to create higher quality images using a lower radiation dose. Images can also be created more quickly with this method, potentially even in real time during the PET scan, as no after-the-fact reconstruction is needed. PET scans are currently expensive and are technically limited in some ways, as the full information present in the travel time of the annihilation photons is not captured by current clinical scanners. This new discovery involves a compact equipment setup and could lead to inexpensive, easy and accurate scans of the human body using radioactive isotopes.

“We’re literally imaging at the speed of light, which is something of a holy grail in our field,” said Simon Cherry, professor of biomedical engineering and of radiology at the University of California, Davis.

Related Links:
University of California, Davis 
Hamamatsu Photonics 

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