Molecular Imaging for Early Alzheimer's Detection May Be Available Within a Year

Researchers worldwide are advancing positron emission tomography (PET) as an effective method of early detection for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a currently incurable and deadly neurologic disorder. Three studies are providing new insights into the development of AD while creating opportunities for future clinical screening and treatments.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO; Geneva, Switzerland), an estimated 18 million people worldwide are currently living with AD disease--a number projected to almost double by 2025. "The aging population around the world is escalating exponentially. From a macro perspective, amyloid imaging with PET scans can help to ascertain the likelihood that individuals will deteriorate cognitively within a few years, thereby enabling more efficient channeling of healthcare resources," said Kevin Ong, MD, lead author of a study presented at SNM's 58th annual meeting, held June 4-8, 2011, in San Antonio (TX, USA) and a research scientist at Austin Hospital (Heidelberg, VIC, Australia). "From a micro perspective, planning and lifestyle modifications are possible for individuals who seek screening for Alzheimer's disease."

Molecular imaging of AD is focused on detecting and analyzing the formation of a naturally occurring protein in the brain called beta-amyloid, which researchers now say is directly involved in the pathology of AD. "It turns out that increased amyloid is bad for cognition even in the healthy elderly," stated Michael Devous, Sr., PhD, director of neuroimaging for the Alzheimer's Disease Center at University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center (Dallas, TX, USA). "If you look at working memory, processing speed or fluent reasoning, three critical general domains of cognition, the more amyloid you have the worse your performance, and that's after correcting for age."

Not only is this significant for imaging the disease, but it may also prove to be the key to amyloid-associated therapies and vaccines. Investigators caution that the early stages of the disease can precede symptoms of dementia as much as a decade or more. Imaging patients when they first show signs of mild cognitive impairment could be crucial to determining their risk of future disease.

"For individuals who have already developed a measurable memory decline, a positive scan for amyloid is the most accurate predictor of progression to Alzheimer's disease," said Christopher Rowe, MD, a lead investigator for the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study of aging and professor of nuclear medicine at Austin Hospital. "Amyloid imaging with PET scans is expected to be widely available soon for clinical practice. It will be an important new tool in the assessment of cognitive decline."

Beta-amyloid accumulates as neurotoxic plaque in individuals preceding the onset of AD, and as a result, extensive neural tissues that control major mental and physical functioning--including memory, language, and motor function--are decimated. In time, the disease becomes debilitating and has a devastating impact on individuals' quality of life.

Three ongoing studies presented at this year's meeting involve several years of research based on hundreds of participants ranging widely in age, cognitive ability, and stage of disease. Results of these studies show that amyloid plaques build up very slowly, by an estimated two to three percent per year, and that they are often already present in healthy older individuals--12% of those in their 60s, 30% of those in their 70s, and 55% in those over the age of 80. In one study, about 25% of subjects over the age of 60 had amyloid plaques. The presence of significant amyloid buildup is linked to faster memory decline and brain atrophy.

One of the major questions in Alzheimer's imaging has been which imaging agent is best for amyloid plaque screening. Several studies have been conducted using ¹¹C Pittsburgh compound-B (¹¹C-PIB), a PET imaging agent that binds to beta-amyloid in neural tissues, but two of the current studies are gauging the benefit of using F-18 labeled tracers (F-18 Florbetaben and F-18 Florbetapir), designed for routine clinical use. Both F-18 Florbetaben and F-18 Florbetapir are proving to be good predictors of progression to Alzheimer's disease, and F-18 amyloid imaging agents are the likeliest agents to move forward into clinical practice in the near future.

Researchers estimate that amyloid imaging agents will be available for clinical use in fewer than 12 months. These and additional studies will continue to amass data about the development of Alzheimer's disease, and potential treatments could eventually stop and perhaps even prevent or reverse damage in the brain caused by AD.

Related Links:
Austin Hospital
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
WHO