New Cardiac CT Technology Significantly Reduces Patient Radiation Exposure

In a new study, U.S. investigators have determined that an imaging exam of the heart using the latest generation of computed tomography (CT) technology exposes patients to as much as 91% less radiation than standard helical CT scanning.

"Coronary CT angiography has generated great enthusiasm in recent years, due to its diagnostic accuracy in assessing patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease,” said Andrew J. Einstein, M.D., Ph.D., assistant professor of clinical medicine in radiology and director of cardiac CT research at Columbia University Medical Center (New York, NY, USA). "However, that enthusiasm has been tempered by concern about the potentially high radiation dose received by patients.”

In CT imaging, numerous X-ray beams and a set of X-ray detectors rotate around the patient, measuring the amount of radiation being absorbed in the body. At the same time, the exam table moves through the scanner allowing the X-ray beam to follow a helical or spiral path. Many coronary CT angiography exams are conducted on 64-detector row CT scanners, which can image 4 cm at a time. The latest generation of CT technology, a 320-detector row volume CT scanner, can image 16 cm--or the entire length of the heart--in a single rotation and within a single heartbeat.

In his study, Dr. Einstein and a team of researchers from Columbia and the U.S. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (Bethesda, MD, USA) compared the radiation exposure incurred during a coronary CT angiography procedure using a 64-detector row helical scanning and volume scanning, using a 320-detector row volume CT scanner. Phantoms simulating the male and female body were imaged using six different scan modes.

Using standard 64-detector row helical scanning as the benchmark, the effective radiation dose was reduced by 91% from 35.4 millisieverts (mSv) to 4.4 mSv using optimized 320-detector row volume scanning. "By imaging the entire heart in one piece, volume scanning eliminates artifacts due to seams or gaps between image sections,” said Dr. Einstein. "Moreover, the X-ray tube is left on for only a brief duration, as little as 0.35 seconds.”

According to Dr. Einstein, state-of-the-art CT technology emphasizes optimal image resolution with the ability to lower radiation dose through a variety of features and scan modes that adjust and modulate the dose based on the specific needs of the individual patient. "As CT technology advanced from 16- to 64-slice capabilities, the radiation dose went up significantly,” he said. "Today, technology development is going in the opposite direction, reducing radiation exposure.”

Dr. Einstein emphasized that practitioners must pay careful attention to using the appropriate scan mode to obtain diagnostic information with the least amount of radiation exposure to the patient.

The study was published in the March 2010 issue of the journal Radiology.

Related Links:
Columbia University Medical Center
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute