Traumatic Brain Injury Identified with High-Definition Fiber Tracking

An effective new imaging modality called high-definition fiber tracking (HDFT) will allow clinicians to precisely see for the first time neural connections shattered by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other neurologic disorders, similar to X-rays showing a fractured bone.

The researchers, from the University of Pittsburgh (UPitt; PA, USA), published their findings in a report published online March 3, 2012, in the Journal of Neurosurgery. In the report, the researchers described the instance of a 32-year-old man who was not wearing a helmet when his all-terrain vehicle crashed. At first, his computed tomography (CT) scans showed bleeding and swelling on the right side of the brain, the side that controls left-sided body movement. One week later, while the man was still in a coma, a traditional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed brain bruising and swelling in the same area. When he awoke three weeks later, the man could not move his left leg, arm, and hand.

“There are about 1.7 million cases of TBI in the country each year, and all too often conventional scans show no injury or show improvement over time even though the patient continues to struggle,” said cosenior author and UPMC neurosurgeon David O. Okonkwo, MD, PhD, associate professor, department of neurological surgery, Pitt School of Medicine. "Until now, we have had no objective way of identifying how the injury damaged the patient’s brain tissue, predicting how the patient would fare, or planning rehabilitation to maximize the recovery.”

HDFT might be able to provide those answers, said cosenior author Walter Schneider, PhD, professor of psychology at Pitt’s Learning Research and Development Center (LRDC), who led the team that developed the technology. Information from advanced MRI scanners is processed through computer algorithms to reveal the wiring of the brain in remarkable detail and to pinpoint breaks in the cables, called fiber tracts. Each tract contains millions of neuronal connections.

“In our experiments, HDFT has been able to identify disruptions in neural pathways with a clarity that no other method can see,” Dr. Schneider said. “With it, we can virtually dissect 40 major fiber tracts in the brain to find damaged areas and quantify the proportion of fibers lost relative to the uninjured side of the brain or to the brains of healthy individuals. Now, we can clearly see breaks and identify which parts of the brain have lost connections.”

HDFT scans of the study patient’s brain were performed 4 and 10 months after he was injured; he also had another scan performed with current state-of the-art diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), an imaging modality that collects data points from 51 directions, while HDFT is based on data from 257 directions. For the latter, the injury site was compared to the healthy side of his brain, as well as to HDFT brain scans from six healthy individuals.

Only the HDFT scan detected a lesion in a motor fiber pathway of the brain that correlated with the patient’s symptoms of left-sided weakness, including mostly intact fibers in the area controlling his left leg and extensive breaks in the region controlling his left hand. The patient ultimately recovered movement in his left leg and arm by six months after the accident, but still could not use his wrist and fingers effectively 10 months later.

Memory loss, language difficulties, personality changes, and other brain alterations occur with TBI, which the researchers are exploring with HDFT in other research protocols.

UPMC neurosurgeons also have utilized the imaging technique to supplement conventional imaging, noted Robert Friedlander, MD, professor and chair, department of neurological surgery, Pitt School of Medicine, and UPitt Medical Center (UPMC) professor of neurosurgery and neurobiology. “I have used HDFT scans to map my approach to removing certain tumors and vascular abnormalities that lie in areas of the brain that cannot be reached without going through normal tissue,” he said. “It shows me where significant functional pathways are relative to the lesion, so that I can make better decisions about which fiber tracts must be avoided and what might be an acceptable sacrifice to maintain the patient’s best quality of life after surgery.”

Dr. Okonkwo noted that the patient and his family were reassured to learn that there was evidence of brain damage to clarify his ongoing difficulties. The researchers continue to assess and validate HDFT’s usefulness as a brain-imaging tool, so it is not yet routinely available. “We have been wowed by the detailed, meaningful images we can get with this technology,” Dr. Okonkwo noted. “HDFT has the potential to be a game-changer in the way we handle TBI and other brain disorders.”

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